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Showing posts with label Class 7. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Class 7. Show all posts

Tom Comes Home - Class 7 English

By Malay Das June 20, 2021  ,  

Tom Comes Home - Class 7 English

Quick Answers

  1. Answer the following questions in not more than one sentence.

    1. From where does Tom return?
      2. Ans. Tom returns from school to home for the holidays.
    2. What does he get for Maggie?
      3. Ans. Tom got a fish-line.
    3. What had Maggie forgotten while Tom was away?
      4. Ans. Maggie forgot to feed the rabbits.
    4. Where does Maggie go after she tells Tom the truth about her mistake?
      5. Ans. Maggie runs to her attic.
    5. What does Tom take for Maggie whe he goes upstairs to call her?
      6. Ans. Tom took a cake.
    6. What does Tom wish for?
      7. Ans. Tom wished that it would be wonderful if they got bigger and still went to school.

    Reference to context

  2. But Tom, all your rabbits are dead!
    1. Who says this?
      2. Ans. Maggies said that.
    2. Why did the rabbits die?
      3. Ans. The rabbits died because Maggie forgot to feed them.
    3. How does Tom react to this piece of news?
      4. Ans. Tom was shocked and angry on hearing the news.

  3. Perhaps she is up in the attic and has forgotten all about meal times.
    1. Who speaks the above line and about whom?
      2. Ans. Mrs. Tulliver spoke the above line regarding Maggie.
    2. Why is she in the attic?
      3. Ans. Maggie was in the attic as Tom was angry and scolded her, he even told that she won't be going with him tomorrow for fishing.
    3. When does she come down?
      4. Ans. Maggie came down when Tom asked her to come downstairs and have some tea.

  4. Oh, you are making me impatient!
    1. Who says this and to whom?
      2. Ans. Maggies said that to Tom.
    2. What is making the speaker impatient?
      3. Ans. The speaker "Maggie" wanted to know what was in Tom's pocket.
    3. What do they decide to do after the suspense is revealed?
      4. Ans. Tom told that he has two new-fish lines and they decided to go fishing tomorrow down by the Round Pool.

    Read, reflect and write

  5. Tom is unnecessarily harsh towards Maggie on learning that his rabbits have died. Do you agree? Give reasons to support your answer.

    6. Ans. Yes, Tom was unnecessarily harsh towards Maggie after learning that his rabbits have died, he blamed her by saying that she forgot to feed them, out of anger he even said that she is a bad girl, and will not even take her to the Round Pool for fishing the day after. Maggie mentioned that she did not want them dead, she couldn't help to save them, she wanted to tell the reason but without listening Tom scolded.

  6. Why does Maggie go to the attic? What happens when she sees Tom in the attic?

    7. Ans. Once Tom knew about the death of his rabbits he became angry and scolded Maggie, Maggie would have wanted to tell but Tom paid no heed, she stood motionless, sobbing, as she was hurt and sad she ran towards her attic. When she saw Tom in the attic, she asked him to forgive her, told him that she will always be good and remember things.

  7. Extended writing: Maggie and Tom share a strong bond. Give instances from the text to support this statement.

    8. Ans. Intially when Tom came, he told Maggie that he got two fish-lines one for himself and the other for her and they would both go for fishing tomorrow.
    After Tom went to his sister's attic, she asked for forgiveness, Tom asked her not to cry and gave her a cake to eat. He then asked her to come downstairs and have a cup of tea.
    Once Maggie enquired if they could go fishing tomorrow and if he could put worms in her hook, Tom readily agreed.
    Also after fishing they wished that how wonderful it would be if they got bigger and still went to school and holidays would be fun.

Word Wall

Analogies

  1. An analogy is a way of stating a comparative relationship between two sets of words. Compare the analogies below.
    2. a. catch : fish   ::   harvest : grain
    b. author : story   ::   poet : poem
    c. plane : hangar   ::   car : garage
    d. slither : snakd   ::   waddle : duck
    e. canvas : painter   ::   marble : sculptor
    f. bouquet : flowers   ::   team : players
    g. animals : zoology   ::   plants : botany
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Prepositions - Class 7, Class 9 - Grammar

By Malay Das June 09, 2021  , , ,  
Preposition - A preposition is a word placed before a noun or a noun-equivalent to show its relation to some other word in the sentence.
Phrasal Prepositions - These are phrases working as prepositions.

Example - by means of, on account of etc.

Some Important Prepositions

Since & For

Since is used before a point of time, while for is used before a period of time.

Example - I did not see you for a long time.
My cousin brother has been here since Monday last.

Since and From

Both since and from are used before a point of time but since is preceeded by a verb in the perfect tense, while from can be used with any tense.

Example - Albert has started rowing from (or since) Monday last.
Albert started rowing from yesterday. (not since)
Albert started rowing from today. (not since)
Albert will start rowing from tomorrow. not since

Before, by & within

Before and by are used with a point of time, while within is used with a period of time. Before means any time within specified limit of time and by means not after the specified limit of time.

Example - You must come back by 8pm. (not after 8pm)
You must come back before 8pm. (any time before 8pm)
Albert came back within an hour. (not before)

In & within

In means at the end of while within means before the end of.

Example - The movie will end within an hour. (before the hour is passed)
The movie will end in an hour. (at the end of the hour)

In & into

In refers to position already inside anything and into refers to a movement towards the inside of anything.

Example - I am in the garden.
I went into the garden.

In & at

In refers to a much wider space or time than at.

Example - Lady Hydari Park is at Shillong in Meghalaya.

In & after

In is used about the future time, while after is used about the past.

Example - I will come in a few minutes.
I have left after an hour.

On & at

On is used before a particular date or day and at before a particular hour.

Example - I shall come on Friday at 9 o'clock.

Between & among

Between is used about two persons or things, while among is used for referring to more than two persons or things.

Example - The money was divided between the two workers.
She is the most beautiful among all the girls in her class.

Beside & besides

Beside means by the side of while besides means in addition to.

Example - Besides Mayank, his friends also sat beside me.

By & with

By is used with the doer or agent while with is used before the object with which a person does a thing.

Example - The online test was not done by me.
The online test was done with the help of my friend.

Except & excepting

Except means without while excepting means without excluding.

Example : Everyone came to the party except Albert. (Albert did not come)
Everyone not excepting Albert came to the party. (Albert came)

To

To is used to refer direction or destination.

Example - After the lockdown, students need to go to school.
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Tenses - Class 7, Class 9 - Grammar

By Malay Das June 06, 2021  , , ,  

Tenses - Class 7, Class 9 Grammar

Tense - The tense is the change of form in a verb to express the time of an action. There are three principal tenses.

  • The Present Tense describes an action in the present time.
  • The Past Tense describes an action in the past time
  • The Future Tense describes an action in the future time
  • Each of these principal tenses has four forms : Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous.
    • Tenses Present Past Future
    Indefinite Rule Subject + V1 form Subject + V2 form Subject + will/shall + V1 form
    Use Universal truth, habitual action Action in the past Action that will happen in the future
    Continuous Rule Subject + is/am/are + V (ing) form Subject + was/were + V (ing) form Subject + will be/shall be + V (ing) form
    Use Action going on at present Action that was goint on at past Action as going on at some future time
    Perfect Rule Subject + has/have V3 form Subject + had + V3 form Subject + will have/shall have + V3 form
    Use Action just finished Action complete before another past action Action that will be completed in future
    Perfect Continuous Rule Subject + has been + V (ing) form + since/for Subject + had been + V (ing) form + since/for Subject + will have been/shall have been + V (ing) form + since/for
    Use Action going on and is not finished Action had been going on in the past No longer in practical use
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    The Sultans of Delhi - Class 7 History

    By Malay Das June 05, 2021  ,  

    In 1192, Prithviraj Chauhan was defeated by Muhammad Ghuri in the Second Battle of Tarain.With this came to end the rule of Chahamana Rajput and a new line of rulers came to power, the new rulers were the Turks from Central Asia or Afghans called the Sultans.


    The Sultans of Delhi - Class 7 History


    The Sultanate period - 1206 CE to 1526 CE (320 years)


    Slave Dynasty (1206-1290)
    Name Know This
    1 Qutb-ud-din Aibak (1206-1210) During his regime Qutb Minar in Delhi the tallest brick minaret was started. He died in 1210.
    2 Aram Shah Aram Shah was a weak ruler so was overthrown by Iltutmish
    3 Iltutmish (1211-1236) He ruled for 25 years. He introduced the silver coin known as tanka and the copper coin called jital. During his regime Qutb Minar was completed. He nominated his daughter Razia as his successor.
    4 Razia (1236-1239) The The nobles under her did not like Razia’s manners so they plotted against her and killed her.
    5 Ghiyas-ud-Din Balban (1266-1287) He died in 1287 and thus came the end of Slave Dynasty and the rule of Khaljis began

    Khalji Dynasty (1290–1320)
    Name Know This
    1 Jalal-ud-Din-Khalji During his regime the Mongols attacked but he fought bravely against them and defended the Sultanate. In 1294 he was murdered by his nephew Ala-ud-Din Khalji.
    2 Ala-ud-Din-Khalji He conquered almost all of North India and most part of South India with the help of his favorite slave Malik Kafur. Ala-ud-Din died in 1316
    3 Qutb-ud-Din Mubarak Shah The third and last ruler of the Khalji Dynasty. He abolished all taxes and penalties. He released all prisoners of war who were captured in battles. Khusru Khan his own slave killed him. Thus the Khalji dynasty came to an end.

    Tughlaq Dynasty (1321–1414)
    Name Know This
    1 Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughlaq – He successfully defended the Sultanate from the Mongols. He conquered many areas including the Eastern part of Bengal. He built the city of Tughlaqabad outside Delhi. He died in 1325.
    2 Muhammad Bin Tughlaq The son of Ghiyas-ud-Din became the next successor. He was a knowledgeable person. His decisions were not popular with his subjects like shifting his capital from Delhi to Daulatabad in Andhra Pradesh, increasing taxes in fertile Doab region met with failure. He died in 1351.
    3 Firoz Shah Tughlaq Successor of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq. He ensured that people in his kingdom were happy. He was not a strong military leader though so he was unable to defend the Sultanate. He died in 1388. The Tughlaq Dynasty lasted for another 26 years however none of the successors were able to prevent the collapse of the Sultanate.

    Sayyid Dynasty (1414-1451)
    Name Know This
    1 Khizr Khan In 1398 the Timur the ruler of Balkh in central Asia invaded India and attacked Delhi. While leaving Delhi he appointed Khizr Khan, Khizr Khan conquered Delhi in 1414 and founded the Sayyid Dynasty.
    2 Mubarak Shah Sayyid
    3 Muhammad Shah Sayyid
    4 Ala-ud-Din Alam Shah Sayyid . In 1451 an Afghan chief Bahlul Lodi defeated Ala-ud-din Alam Shah and founded the fifth dynasty the Lodi Dynasty

    Lodi Dynasty (1451-1526)
    Name Know This
    1 Bahlul Khan Lodi First Afghan to rule Delhi
    2 Sikander Lodi Second son of Bahlul Khan Lodi, he was given the name Sultan Sikander Shah. He founded the town of Agra.
    3 Ibrahim Lodi Successor of Sikander Lodi, he became sultan in 1517, his attitude towards the powerful Nobles were not good so he became unpopular thus weakening the Sultanate. In 1526 he was killed by the forces of Babur in the First Battle of Panipat. Thus started the Mughal Dynasty.

    The Sultanate: Important Developments:


    Relationship between the ruler and the nobles

    There was no rule of succession, anyone could become ruler, Turkish nobleman generally thought they were equal to the rulers as the rulers could not boast of a noble family name or the natural right to rule. The Chahalgani were a group of Turkish noblemen who enjoyed high administrative positions under Iltutmish. When Iltutmish died they tried to put a puppet on the throne who they could rule, Razia failed to suppress them and was killed. However Ghiyas-ud-din Balban succeeded in superssing the Chahalgani. He introduced rituals like Sijda and Paibos(lying on the ground and kissing the monarch’s feet) to show his superiority, he did not let the noble have their say and thus strengthened the monarchy.


    Empire Building

    During the early phase the Sultans only administered areas which were covered by the army known as garrison grounds. The materials (crops, money, and other material amenities) needed for such garrison grounds to grow were not available, so the Sultans conducted raids in areas where such materials were available. Ghiyas-ud-did Balban, Ala-ud-din Khalji and Muhammad bin Tughlaq solved these problems as they captured new areas. The Sultanate took the shape of Empire during the reign of Ala-ud-din Khalji and Muhammad bin Tughlaq.


    Sultanate administration

    Administration - First in the line of power was the Sultan. Under him were his Trusted Nobles (Turkish and Non-Turkish) and Ulama (religious people who advised the Sultan on judicial and religious matters)
    Sulatanate Provinces Heads

  • The Sulatanate was divided into proviences called the iqtas. These were under the charge of walis or muftis.
  • The iqtas were further divided into shiqs and iqtas were under the charge of shiqdars.
  • The shiqs were further divided into parganas and parganas were under the charge of amils.
    • The parganas consisted of villages and these were headed by muqqaddams or headmen.
  • Patwaris and munifs were the other important officials, patwaris kept land records while the munifs looked after the collection of land revenue.
  • The samantas (landlord or chieftains) who ruled the hinterlands were brought under the direct control of the Sultan.


    • Sultanate in operation – The Tughlaqs

    Muhammad Bin Tughlaq was a learned man well versed in religion and philosophy. He tried ways to strengthen the Sultanate most of which failed but his experiments were acknowledged. He transferred the capital of Delhi to Devgiri in the Deccan so that he could control the Southern territories. He ordered many trustworthy officers, Sufi saints to move to Devgiri which was then renamed Daulatabad. The road from Delhi to Daulatabad was long many people died on the way, though the expirement failed but it improved communication between North and South India.

    Muhammad bin Tughlaq introduced the token currency as it was new system of monetization so it created confusion between traders and common people, people also started forging and the circulation of coins became more in market and the coins lost their value in market so the coin system was withdrawn.

    He planned to raise a large army to attact the Mongols, so he raised taxes in the Doab region to feed his army but this region was in the grip of famine, so the peasants revolted there. His policy of appointing talented and efficient men to high offices failed due to the opposition of the nobles. Though his experiments failed still he is considered the most progressive Sultans of his time.


    Decline of the Sultanate

    The decline started in the Tughlaq Dynasty because of new kingdoms emerging in Malwa, Bengal, Gujarat and South India. It also further lost its authority due to the invasion of Timur. The South kingdoms had their own systems of rule while in the North the Rajputs and the Afghans emerged as important regional powers.


    Get the word

  • Sultans - Turk or Afghan rulers from 1206 CE to 1526 CE(central Era)
  • Sultanate - A kingdom ruled by Sultans
  • Mameluk - An Arabic word for slave
  • Kharaj - Tax on cultivation on land
  • Chahalgani - A group of powerful Turkish nobles during the early days of the Sultanate
  • Iqtas - Provinces of the Sultanate
  • Walis - Heads of Proviences
  • Muftis - Provincial term used as a synonym for "walis"
  • Muqqaddams - Village Headman
  • Amils - Head of Parganas
  • Tanka - A type of silver coin
  • Garrison Towns - Towns with permanent presence of the army
    • Read More

    Kinds of Sentences - Class 7 Grammar

    By Malay Das June 03, 2021  ,  

    Kinds of Sentences - Class 7 Grammar

    Sentence - A sentence may :
    (i) state a simple fact - positive or negative
    (ii) ask a question
    (iii) express a request, command, proposal or an advice etc.
    (iv) express a wish
    (v) express a sudden feeling
    So, there are basically five kinds of sentences which are :
    1. Statements or Assertive Sentences
    2. Questions or Interrogative Sentences
    3. Commands etc. or Imperative Sentences
    4. Wishes or Optative Sentences
    5. Exclamations or Exclamatory Sentences
    Assertive Sentences - An assertive sentence is one that affirms or negates a fact. An assertive sentence that affirms fact is called positive or affirmative sentence, wherease an assertive sentence that deny or negate fact is called negative sentence. An assertive sentence ends with a full stop.
    Example - I like this painting.
    I love to watch movies.
    Inerrogative Sentences - An interrogative sentence is one that asks about or enquires a fact through a question. Interrogative sentence ends with a question mark(?). Interrogative sentences are of two types:
    i. Interrogative sentences starting with auxillary verbs (Is, Am, Do, Shall, Will etc.).
    ii. Interrogative sentences starting with interrogative words (When, Why, Where, How etc.).
    Imperative Sentence- An imperative sentence is one that expreses a command, a request, an advice or a proposal. An imperative sentence is spoken to a person who is present before the speaker. So its subject You is usually omitted. Negative imperative sentences begin with Do not orNever
    Example - (i) Hurry up -     Command
    (ii) Please hurry up -     Request
    (iii) Study well -     Advice
    (iv) Let us go for a walk -     Proposal
    Optative Sentence - An optative sentence is one that expreses a wish or a prayer involving a blessing or a curse. An optative sentence has an exclamation mark(!) at its end.
    Example - (i) Long live the Queen!
    (ii) May you enjoy peace and prosperity!
    Exclamatory Sentence - An exclamatory sentence is one that expresses a sudden feeling (joy, sorrow, applause, wonder etc.). An exclamatory sentence has an exclamation mark(!) at its end.
    Example - (i)What a lovely flower it is!
    (ii)Alas! I am ruined
    (iii)Hurrah! we have won the match
    (iv)Hello! how are you

    EXERCISES

    Exercise 1. Answer
    1. What is an assertive sentence? Name its two kinds with two examples of each.
    2. What is an interrogative sentence? Name its two kinds with two examples of each.
    3. What is an imperative sentence? What do imperative sentences express? Give four examples to explain your answer.
    4. What is an optative sentence? What does it express? Give three examples.
    5. What is an exclamatory sentence? What do exclamatory sentence express? Give four examples to explain your answer.
    6. What mark is put at the end of an -
      • Assertive sentence
      • Interrogative sentence
      • imperative sentence
      • Optative sentence
      • Exclamatory sentence
    Exercise 2. Tell the kind (assertive, interrogative, imperative, optative, exclamatory)
    1. How often do you take tea daily ?
    2. A bevy of girls stood in the park.
    3. May he be happy and prosperous!
    4. She always has her way.
    5. Never mix with bad children.
    6. Let us go for a river-bath.
    7. Is he a person to be trusted?
    8. How lovely a child it is!
    9. Stars twinkle like little lamps.
    10. Alas! my wife is no more.
    11. May the couple lead a happy life!
    12. Sweet are the uses of adversity.
    13. Who does not know this rogue?
    14. Be off my eyes, rascal!
    15. May you enjoy peace of mind!
    16. Hurrah! daddy has come.
    17. The train is not running on time.
    18. Does your watch keep correct time.
    19. Do not walk bare-foot on the grass.
    20. What a fool I have been so far!
    21. Call in the doctor, please.
    22. It was a down daylight robbery.
    23. Are you really out at elbows?
    24. Ah! what a lovely rose.
    25. Where has Ramesh gone today?
    26. Bravo! what a fine catch.
    27. May you suffer God's wrath!
    28. Cursed be you, O tyrant!
    29. May you go to the dogs!
    30. May your husband ignore you, Shakuntala!
    31. What though we happen to be late?
    32. Ah, what a sight it was!
    33. When can their glory fade?
    34. How old are you?
    35. I wish, I were young again!
    36. Nights are always cool.

    Exercise 3. Fill up each blank with a suitable word:
    1. Assertive sentences affirm or _________ facts.
    2. Optative sentences express _________.
    3. Interrogative sentences ask _________.
    4. Exclamatory sentences expresses _________.
    5. Imperative sentences expresses a _________, _________, _________, _________.
    6. The subject of an imperative sentence is _________ which is usually omitted.
    Read More

    Motion and Time - Class 7 Science

    By Malay Das June 01, 2021  ,  

    Motion and Time - Class 7 Science

    Motion and Time

    Important Points

    Motion is always relative to a stationary point

    To measure slow and fast motion, time is needed

    SI unit of time is s(second)

    Speed is the distance travelled by a body in a unit time.
    SI unit of speed is m/s
    Speed = Distance covered / Time taken

    A uniform motion is when a body covers equal distance in equal intervals of time

    A non-uniform motion is when a body covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time

    Speed can be calculated from a distance-time graph by calculating its slope

    The time period of a simple pendulum is the time taken to complete one oscillation
    The time period of a simple pendulum does not depend upon the mass of the body

    Simple Pendulum

    A simple pendulum contains a small mass(called bob), suspended from a fixed point through a long string or rod
    The bob moves freely under gravity
    The motion of pendulum is called oscillatory motion
    When the bob of pendulum moves from one point, goes on the opposite side and comes back to its original position, it is said to complete one oscillation
    The time taken by the pendulum to complete one oscillation is called its time period
    The time period is independent of the mass of the bob
    The time period of a pendulum depends upon the length of the string from which the bob is suspended. Longer the string, greater is the time period

    Units of Time

    60 seconds(s) = 1 minute(min)
    60 min = 1 hour(hr)
    24 hrs = 1 day
    30 days = 1 month
    365 days = 1 year
    12 months = 1 year
    10 years = 1 decade
    100 years = 1 century
    1000 years = 1 millineum

    Practice Time

    1. Fill in the blanks.
      1. The speed of a body is distace covered in unit time.
      2. To compare slow and fast motions, time needs to be measured.
      3. Speed can be calculated from slope of a distance-time graph.
      4. The SI unit of speed is m/s.
      5. When a body covers equal distance in equal intervals of time, its motion is called uniform motion.
    2. True or False.
      1. A sand clock gives most accurate time
      2. Motion of Earth around the sun is a non-uniform motion
      3. Motion of a pendulum is a periodic motion
      4. In a graph, the independent variable is plotted on X-axis
      5. The time period of a simple pendulum changes with the length of the string
    3. Choose the correct answers.
      1. In a distance-time graph, distance is plotted on the
      2. Among two moving objects, the object with higher speed will cover
      3. The SI unit of speed is
      4. A car moving on a highway with different speeds at different time. Its motion will be
      5. A boy sitting in a moving car is in motion with respect to
    4. Answer the following in one sentence
      1. Name the axes of a graph
      2. Give two examples of uniform motion
      3. Give two examples of non-uniform motion
      4. Which type of motion is shown by a pendulum?
      5. Mention two ways in which the speed of an object can be increased.
    5. Answer the following in brief
      1. A toy train covers 240m distance in 2 minutes. Calculate its speed in m/s
      2. A car was moving at a speed of 50km/hr. Calculate the distance covered by the car in 15 minutes.
    6. Define the following in one sentence
      1. Speed
      2. Uniform motion
      3. Time period of a pendulum
      4. Slope of a graph
    7. Define the following in detail
      1. With the help of an example, explain how will you calculate the speed from a distance-time graph?
      2. Explain the difference between uniform and non-uniform motion with examples
      3. Discuss how man started measuring time
    8. HOTS
      1. Draw the distance time graph of a ball thrown upwards
      2. Draw a rough distance-time graph of a ball thrown upwards
      3. What type of motion is shown in the following graph? Explain your answer
    Read More

    The Vagabond - Class 7 English

    By Malay Das May 31, 2021  ,  

    The Vagabond - Class 7 English

    Summary of the poem

    R.L. Stevenson's poem "The Vagabond" is about the life of a vagabond(wanderer). The narrator wants to live a carefree life amidst the heaven, the land, the birds, the river. He does not yearn for wealth, friends, love, hope. He stresses repeatedly that he only wants the heaven above and the road below him, so that he can go places without worrying about the comforts of life. Nothing can reduce his spirit of wandering. He speaks of harsh conditions in autumn and winter but these also cannot deter his yearn to be on road. He knows that he would die sooner or later but he as long as he is alive he only treausres to live his life on road, with heaven above and the road below.

    Stanza wise Explanation

    1st Stanza

    In the first stanza the narrator tells that he wants a carefree life and all he wants to do is travel from one place to another. He wants the great outdoors, with the sky as his roof and a road to travel. He wants his bed in the bush so that he can see the stars. The narrator wants a humble life and is happy to dip the bread in the river instead of cup of tea or coffe and this is the type of life he wants forever

    2nd Stanza

    The narrator here says that even though the misfortunes of life may come to him still he wants to be carefree. He is ready to face difficulties along his path but he will not stop wandering around nature. He does nto want riches, love or friend. He only wants the sky/heaven above and the road below him.

    3rd Stanza

    This stanza tells about the hardships of life staying outdoors in autumn and in winter. He says that let the leaves of autumn fall on him that represents the beginning of old age. In autumn, the field looks barren as the leaves have withered off trees. The birds around are silent and are no longer singing on the trees. The cold is severe in winter that blood freezes and fingers turn blue. The fields are snow laden. The fireside is the only place that can give some warmth and relief. However, the narrator further states that even such harsh conditions will not stop him from living in the open because all he years is freedom from anything else.

    4th Stanza

    Same as second stanza.

    Meaning of difficult words

  • Vagabond - Wanderer
  • Lave - A stream or a rivulet
  • Jolly - Merry
  • Nigh - Near, beside
  • Dip - To immerse
  • Seek - Look for
  • Afield - In the field
  • Linger - To remain for a long time
  • Haven - A safe place
  • Yield - Surrender

    • Questions and Answers

    1. What does the vagabond ask for in the first stanza of the poem?

    Ans. The vagabond asks for a simple and worthy life that he loves. A life that is not bound to material wealth or wordly pleasures. The vagabond wants the sky as his roof and a road to travel. He prefers to sleep in a bush in the open green fields of nature so that he can see the stars at night. He loves a humble life and is happy to dip his bread in the river instead of a cop of tea or coffee.

    2. What does the vagabon not wish for?

    Ans. The vagabond does not wish for any wealth of the world or any material benefits. He also does not wish for a friend to know him nor does he hope for love. He only wants the natural surroundings and the heavenly bodies to be with him throughout his existence on earth.

    3. What does he say about autumn and winter?

    Ans. The vagabond talks about the harsh conditions in autumn and winter that he may have to face while living in the open nature. He wishes that the autumn leaves would fall upon him when he is in the white field covered in frost and snow. In winter, he wants to bite his finger which has turned blue because of the severe cold. He states that even in these harsh conditions he would not stop wandering because he desires this free life with nature.

    4. What do you think of the life of a vagabond? Would you desire such life for yourself?

    Ans. A vagabond is a wanderer who has no roof over his head. He probably would have no friends, wealth, love. He would have to face the harsh conditions living a nomadic life, there would be many obstacles, hurdles paving in his way of life. I would not desire such a life as for me friends, love, emotions, comfort of of my home matters.

    5. What kind of imagery do you think the vagabond evokes when he talks about his ideal life?

    Ans. The vagabond evokes images or clear skies, starry nights, dipping bread in river, a road that is unending and takes him to places, autumn leaves falling, open fields covered with leaves in autumn and winter, warming himself in fireside.

    6. Why do you think the poet repeats the lines. 'All I ask, the heaven above/And the road below me' in the second and fourth verses?

    Ans. The poet repeats the lines 'All I ask, the heaven above/And the road below me' in the second and fourth stanzas because he stresses on his objective of leading a carefree life. He does not want material comforts or being bounded by emotions. All he wants is a heaven above him and roads to take him to places.

    Word Wise

    Replace the highlighted words in these sentence with their synonymns from the poem.

    1. Camping by the river with happy little children is a wonderful experience.
      2. Ans. jolly
    2. He was prepared for the worst calamity.
      3. Ans. blow
    3. Dennis was told not to loiter and finish his project quickly.
      4. Ans. seek
    4. High up on the hills, this winter the fields were frozen.
      5. Ans. frosty
    5. The old woman was looking for a safe shelter to spend the night.
      6. Ans. haven
    6. The soldiers were advised never to surrender to their enemies.
      7. Ans. yield

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    Active and Passive Voice

    By Malay Das May 30, 2021  , , ,  

    Active and Passive voice - Class 7, Class 9

  • Active voice - The form of the verb which shows the importance of its subject(doer of the action) is called the active voice.

  • Passive voice - The form of the verb which shows the importance of its object(receiver of the action) rather than the subject, it is called the passive voice.

    • General Rules to express a passive voice:

    1. The Passive voice is formed by using appropriate forms of the verb be with the third form of the main verb.
    2. The object takes the place of the subject.
    3. The subject is either left out or mentioned at the end as a mere agent of the action done.
    4. The verb does not change its tense, but its form only.
    5. The preposition by is mostly used to show the subject as an agent of action. Sometimes other prepositions like to, with, at and in etc. are used in place of by.
    6. Prepositions inseperable attached with the verb in the active voice are not dropped while using by.
    7. There is no passive voice of the verbs used in Future Continuous tense and the three (Present/Past/Future)Perfect Continuous forms.

    Rules :Chaning various forms of verbs from active voice to passive voice

  • Present Indifinite Tense - Passive voice is formed by using is, am, or are before the third form of the verb.
  • Present Continuous Tense - Passive voice is formed by using is or am or are + being + third form of verb.
  • Present Perfect Tense - Passive voice is formed by using has or have + been + third form of verb.
  • Past Indefinite Tense - Passive voice is formed by using was or were + third form of verb.
  • Past Continuous Tense - Passive voice is formed by using was + were + being + third form of the verb.
  • Past Perfect Tense - Passive voice is formed by using had + been + third form of verb.
  • Future Indefinite Tense - Passive voice is formed by using will/shall + be + third form of verb.
  • Future Perfect Tense - Passive voice is formed by using will/shall + have been + third form of verb.
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    Adjectives - Class 7 Grammar

    By Malay Das May 29, 2021  ,  

    Adjectives - Class 7 Grammar

    Adjectives These are words used to desribe a noun or a pronoun.

    Adjectives have two uses:

  • Attribute-Adjectives are said to be used attributively when they are placed close to and before the noun which they qualify. Example - A good boy, A red ball. An adjective so used is called an Epithet
    • Note:A few adjectives such as former, olden, etc. can be used only attributively.

  • Predicative-Adjectives are said to be used predicatively when they express what is declared of some person or thing, and come after the verb. Example - The boy is good, The ball is red
    NoteThere are a few adjectives such as alone, asleep, afraid, alike, aloof, alive, ashamed, awake, aware, content etc. which can only be used predicatively

    • Classification of Adjectives:

    1. Proper - These are derived from some Proper Nouns such as Indian, British, Vedic etc.
    2. Class - These describes the class or category to which the noun belongs. Example - Dowry is a social evil, We are in need of a financial help, We have many religious festivals
    3. Color - These describes the color of its noun. Example - She has brown hair and blue eyes, Neena is wearing a pale green top.
    4. Precision - These are used before the main adjective to make the description precise. Example - Your success in the last tough meeting is amazing, He is the only living heir to the throne.
    5. Qualitative - These describe the quality or state of a thing. Exmaple - He is an honest boy, The brave man faced the angry crowd, This is a large city, The foolish old crow tried to sing.
    6. Quantitative - These describe the quantity or number. Example - some, little, first, two, many, any, all, whole etc.
    7. Distributive - These are used to refer to each and every person / thing separately. Example - each, every, either, neither, any, both etc.
    8. Demostrative - These used to identify or express the relative position of a noun in time or space. Example - this, that, such, same, those etc.
    9. Interrogative - These describes a noun that is used in a question. Example - which, whose, what, when, whose etc.
    10. Emphasizing - These are used to emphasise statements. It heightens or reduces the effect of the noun they are modifying. Example - own, very etc.
    11. Adjective Substitutes - An adjective substitute is not a natural adjective. It only functions as an adjective. Example - What an amusing show?, The dying man gave a statement, He is a known writer of books.
    12. Compound - A compound adjective is made up of two or more words usually written with a hypen in between. Example - She is a good-looking girl, The built-up area is too small, I want a clear-cut answer to the question.

    Comparision of Adjectives

  • Positive Degree - The positive degree is the simplest form of the adjective. Example - tall, beautiful.
  • Comparative Degree - The comparative degree is the form used when a comparision is made between two persons or things. Example - He is taller than you., It is more beautiful than that.
  • Superlative Degree - The superlative degree is the form used when more than two things, or sets of things are compared. Example - He is the tallest boy in the class, She is the most beautiful of all.

    • Rules of Comparision

  • Adjectives of one syllable are compared by adding er and est in the Comparative and Superlative degree respectively.

    Exceptions
    1. When the Positive ends in e, the e of er and est is dropped. Example - wise - wiser, wisest; pale - paler, palest.
    2. Whe the Positive ends in y preceeded by a consonant, y is changed into "i" before er and est. Example - dry - drier, driest.
      But when a vowel precedes y, it is not changed. Example - gay - gayer, gayest.
    3. If the Positive degree ends in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, the consonant is doubled. Example - red - redder, reddest.
      But if it ends in two consonant, or has two vowels before the final consonant, the latter is not doubled. Example - thick - thicker, thickest; weak - weaker, weakest.
  • Adjectives of more than two syllables and most adjectives of two syllables are compared by adding more and most or less and least. Example - beautiful - more beautiful, most beautiful; active - more active, most active
  • All adjectives of two syllables ending in le, y, er and ow are generally compared as adjectives of one syllable
    • Comparisions
    Positive Comparative Superlative
    Noble Nobler Noblest
    Happy Happier Happiest
    Tender Tenderer Tenderest
    Narrow Narrower Narrowest

    Irregular Comparison

    Positive Comparative Superlative
    Bad, evil, ill Worse Worst
    Far Farther Farthest
    Good Better Best
    Late Later, Latter Latest, Last
    Little Less, Lesser Least
    Many, much More Most
    Near Nearer Nearest
    Old Older, elder Oldest, eldest

    Questions and Answers

    1. What is the positive degree of an adjective used for? Give two examples
      2. Ans. The positive degree of an adjective is used to express a quality in a simple positive way, i.e., only against a negative sense.
      Example - Ramu is an honest servant.
      Reeta is a charming girl.
    2. What is the comparative degree of an adjective used for? Give two examples
      3. Ans. The comparative degree of an adjective is used to compare two persons, things or groups etc. It is always followed by than.
      Example - Ramu is more honest than Raju.
      Reeta is more intelligent than Geeta.
    3. What is the superlative degree of an adjective used for? Give two examples
      4. Ans. The superlative degree of an adjective is used to compare a person or thing with a group. It is preceeded by the and followed by of or in.
      Example - Ramu is the most honest of all servants.
      Reeta is the most charming of all girls.
    4. By what word is the comparative degree of an adjective generally followed?
      5. Ans. The comparative degree of an adjective is generally followed by than.
    5. By what word is the superlative degree of an adjective generally preceeded?
      6. Ans. The superlative degree of an adjective is generally preceeded by the.
    6. When is the not used before a superlative degree?
    Ans. The is not used before a superlative degree in the following cases:
  • When a possessive word precedes the superlative degree.
    Example. He is my best friend.
    Rajesh has done his best.
  • When no comparision is meant but only a very high degree of quality is meant.
    Example - This is most unfortunate.
    That was most unwise on your part.
    1. What is an adjective? Name its kinds
      2. Ans. An adjective is a word that adds to the meaning of a noun.
      The different kinds of adjectives are:
      1. Adjectives of Quality
      2. Proper Adjectives
      3. Class Adjectives
      4. Color Adjectives
      5. Emphasizing Adjectives
      6. Precision Adjectives
      7. Adjective Substitutes
      8. Compound Adjectives
      9. There are no numeral, quantative and interrogative adjectives as these have become determiners(determiners are words placed in front of a noun to make it clear what the noun refers to) now.
    2. What is an adjective of quality?Give five examples
      3. Ans. An adjective of quality denotes some quality of its noun.
      Example - Abdul Majid was a brave soldier
      His watch has a golden chain
      The Taj Mahal is a wonderful building
      Delhi is an ancient city
      An honest person is respected everywhere.
    3. What is a proper adjective?Give five examples
      4. Ans. A proper adjective is formed from a proper noun.
      Example - The Gangetic plain is very fertile
      The Indian nation is a great nation
      European people are mostly fair
      Fahien was a Chinese piligrim
      The Turkish Empire was very vast.
    4. What is a color adjective?Give five examples
      5. Ans. A color adjective describes the color of its noun.
      Example - She has brown hair and blue eyes
      Rajesh wore a white shirt
      Black color absorbs light
      Your face looks redder than yesterday
      White color radiates light
    5. What is an emphasizing adjective?Give five examples
      6. Ans. An emphasizing adjective lays stress on a fact about its noun.
      Example - He looks a complete idiot
      We are strict vegetarians
      Netaji Subhash Chandra bose was a true patriot
      What was the total expenditure to build your house?
      I am reeling under utter despair
    6. What is a precision adjective?Give five examples
      7. Ans. A precision adjective is used before the main adjective to make the description precise.
      Example - Your success in the last tough examination was outstanding
      The old man was in his unusual white suit
      He is the only living heir to the throne
      Certain basic needs are common
      You have told the same old story again.
    7. What is an adjective substitute?Give five examples
      8. Ans. An adjective substitute is not a natural adjective. It only functions as an adjective.
      Example - The dying man gave a statement
      That bearded man is my uncle
      I have bought a furnished flat
      Her pleasing manners are nice indeed
      There is an alarming increase in expenses.
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    Respiration in Organisms - Class 7 Science

    By Malay Das May 27, 2021  ,  

    Respiration in Organisms - Class 7 Science

  • Respiration-The biological process in which food is utilized to produce energy is called respiration. Respiration is necessary for the survival of all living beings.
    Carbohydrate + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy

    • Types of Repiration

  • Aerobic respiration-Aerobic respiration takes place in the presence of oxygen. Carbon dioxide and water are the end products.
    Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
  • Anaerobic respiration-Anaerobic respiration takes place in the absence of oxygen.It usually happens in microbes. Alcohol and carbon dioxide are the end products.
    Glucose(in absence of oxygen) → Alcohol + Carbon dioxide + Energy
  • Lactic acid-Anaerobic respiration also happens in our muscle cells. When someone runs or walks too fast, one may feel a throbbing pain in the calf muscles. This happens because of deposition of a chemical compound called lactic acid.If we take rest for sometime the pain goes away as the supply of oxygen increases which breaks down the lactic acid into carbon dioxide and water
    Glucose(in absence of oxygen)→Lactic Acid + Energy

    • Breathing- The process of taking in and giving out air for respiration is known as breathing

    Human Respiratory System

  • Nasal passage
  • Oral cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Lung
  • Heart
  • Ribs

    • Inhalation-Inhalation is the process where we breathe in air rich in oxygen

    Exhalation-Exhalation is the process where we breathe out air rich in carbon dioxide

    Breathing rate-The number of time a person breathes in a minute is known as breathing rate

    How do we breathe?

  • The process of breathing takes place in our lungs
  • The process of breathing is controlled by the movement of diaphragm
    Diaphragm is a membrane present between the chest and abdomen.
    The movement of diaphragm is controlled by a group of muscles known as intercostal muscle.
  • When the diaphragm moves down the ribcage expands. This leads to the expansion inside the lungs. As a result, the air moves into the lungs. This process is known as inspiration or inhalation
  • When the diaphragm moves up the ribcage contracts. This leads to the contraction of the lungs. As a result, the air moves out of the lungs. This process is known as expiration or exhalation

    • Repiration in plants

    In plants the external layer of cells can breathe, roots breathe through root hairs, stems breathe through epidermis, leaves have numerous small pores called stomata for breathing.

    Breathing in other animals

  • Flatworms- Flatworms use their outer surfaces as gas exchange surfaces
  • Earthworms- In earthworms gas exchange occurs at capillaries(a series of thin-walled blood vessels)
  • Unicellular organisms(amoeba, paramecium)-Unicellular organisms exchange gases through their cell membrane
  • Amphibians - Ambphibians use their skin and lungs
  • Terrestrial animals - Many terrestrial animals have their respiratory surfaces inside the body and connected to the outside by a series of tubes. These tubes are known as tracheae. Spiracles are openings at the body surface that lead to tracheae. Tracheae branch into smaller tubes known as trachcoles.
  • Fish - Fist breathe oxygen dissolved in water through gills

    • Respiratory system principle

    Process of respiration is completed by the following steps:

    1. Movement of an oxygen-containing medium so it contacts a moist membrane overlying blood vessels
    2. Diffusion of oxygen from the medium into the blood
    3. Transport of oxygen to the tissues and cells of the body through blood
    4. Diffusion of oxygen from the blood into cells
    5. Carbon dioxide follows a reverse path and moves out of the body

    Objective Type Questions

    A.Fill in the blanks.

    1. Aerobic respiration takes place in the presence of oxygen.
    2. Alcohol and carbon dioxide are the end products of anaerobic respiration.
    3. A person feels a throbbing pain in the calf muscles due to the production of lactic acid
    4. The number of times a person breathes in a minute is known as the breathing rate
    5. The movement of diaphragm is controlled by a group of muscles known as the intercostal muscles
    6. Earthworms have a series of thin-walled blood vessels known as capillaries
    7. Tracheae branch into smaller tubes known as tracheoles
    8. Each plant breathes through its external layer of cells

    B.True and False.

    1. Taking in air is exhalation - F
    2. Amphibians breathe through skin as well as lungs - T
    3. Anaerobic respiration needs oxygen - F
    4. Respiration is a process in which engery is released - T
    5. Our nose filters oxygen from air - F

    C.Correct answer.

    1. Aquatic animals get the oxygen from - air and water
    2. Organism that does not need oxygen to survive - yeast
    3. Anaerobic respiration produces - Carbon dioxide and energy
    4. When we run there is a deposition in muscle cells known as - Lactic acid
    5. When we blow air into a test tube containing limewater, the limewater turns milky.This happens because of reaction of limewater with - carbon dioxide

    Very Short Answer Questions

    D.Answer the following in brief.

    1. Name the respiratory organs in humans.
      2. Ans. Nose, Mouth, Larynx, Pharynx, Lungs and Diaphragm.
    2. Which membrane controls the movement of lungs?
      3. Ans. Diaphragm
    3. Which is the respiratory organ in fish?
      4. Ans. Gills
    4. What is the respiratory organ in cockroach?
      5. Ans. Spiracles
    5. Which organ is used by a frog for breathing under water?
      6. Ans. Skin
    6. What is the end product of respiration in most of the organisms?
      7. Ans. Carbon dioxide, water and energy
    7. What is the end product of anaerobic respiration in muscle cells?
      8. Ans. Alcohol, carbon dioxide and energy

    Short Answer Questions

    E.Define the following

    1. Breathing
      2. Ans. Breathing is the process by which air rich in oxygen is taken inside the body of an organism and air rich in carbon dioxide is expelled out from the body with the help of lungs.
    2. Respiration
      3. Ans. The biological process in which food is utilized to produce energy. It is also the process of releasing energy from food. The process of respiration involves taking in oxyge from air into the cells and then eliminating the waste products(carbon dioxide and water) from the body.
    3. Inhalation
      4. Ans. When the diaphragm moves down the ribcage expands. This leads to the expansion inside the lungs. As a resut, the air moves into the lungs. This process is known as inhalation.
    4. Exhalation
      5. Ans. When the diaphragm moves up the ribcage contracts. This leads to the contraction of the lungs. As a resut, the air moves out of the lungs. This process is known as exhalation.

    F. Differentiate between the following

    1. Respiration and breathing
    2. Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration
    3. Gills and Tracheae
    4. Inhalation and Exhalation

    G.Answer the following in brief

    1. What is cellular respiration?
    2. When we run or walk fast, we feel throbbing pain in calf muscles. Why? How it can be relieved?
    3. How do frog respires in water and land?
    4. Why is it suggested not to overwater plants?
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    Weathering and Erosion - Class 7 Geography

    By Malay Das May 27, 2021  ,  

    Weathering and Erosion - Class 7 Geography

    Weathering - Weathering is the breaking up of rocks on or near the Earth’s surface.

    Types of Weathering

  • Physical weathering -It is the breaking or fracturing of rocks due to temperature change, frost action, salt formation in drier areas. It is helped by the growth of plants in rocks and the burrowing of animals. The rock simply breaks and there is no decay.
  • Chemical weathering -It happens when there is a chemical change in the rock structure and new minerals are formed. This sort of weathering is more common in warm, moist climates. Chemical weathering causes rock decay

    • Erosion -Erosion is the process of wearing away of the land by natural agents such as running water, ice, wave action and wind.

    Denudation -Erosion removes the soil and rock debris and ceases them away leading to a reduction in elevation and in relief of landforms and of landscapes.

    Difference between weathering and erosion
    Weathering Erosion
    It is the breaking of rocks It is the displacement of rock debris, soil
    It is caused by physical and chemical factors, plants growing on rocks, burrowing done by animals It is caused by running water, glaciers, waves, wind
    The weathered materials are not displaced The eroded materials are displaced
    Difference between erosion and denudation
    Erosion Denudation
    Erosion is the transport of soil and rocks from one location to another Denudation is the sum of processes that result in the lowering of the Earth's surface, including erosion

    Types of Erosion

  • Aggradation -Aggradation is the process by which a landform is built by the deposition and accumulation of material. Example – An alluvial plain.
  • Degradation -Degradation is the process of lowering a surface by erosion and the removal of rock water. Example - Pedestal rock.

    • Types of Erosional Agents

  • Running Water - Includes rivers or streams.

    • Three steps in the life of a river

  • Youth - In its youth, the river flows very fast through narrow channels and erodes the sides forming V-shaped valleys, gorges or canyons. It is generally seen in mountainous areas where the slope of the land is steep. There is no depositionat this stage.
  • Middle stage-In the middle stage the slope of the land becomes gentler and the river also slows down. Here, the river starts depositing the heavy load that it carries. Its valleys now become broader and wider also the river starts winding to go around the material it has deposited. Here both erosionand depositionoccurs.

    • Meanders-The bends of the river are called meanders.

    Floodplains-The depositional plain formed in between the meanders are called floodplains.

  • Last stage-In the last stage the river becomes even slower with the decreasing slope of land. The river valley is very broad at this stage. It is here that river forms a delta at the mouth of the seas. The river deposits all the remaining debris it contains here and then splits into small streams, avoiding the deposition to reach the sea. This stage is marked by depositiononly.

    • Delta-Deltas are wetlands that form as rivers empty their water and sediment into another body of water.The Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta is the biggest delta in the world.

    Estuary-The part of river where it joins the sea and where fresh water of river and saline water of sea is mixed is called Estuary.

    Distributary-Distributary channel is a stream that carries water away from the main river channel and distributes it to other area.

    Tributary- Tributaries are small streams of water that join the mainstream river to increase its water supply.

    Stream-A small narrow river.

  • Wind - Wind is another erosional agent, wind picks up loose material in its path and rolls them along the ground.
  • Sand Dune-The transportation and deposition of soil by wind in desert causes soil to pile and create a hill of soil, this is known as sand dune
  • Barchan-The sand dune keeps changing shape when wind blows, when sand dune takes the shape of crescent it is known as barchan
  • Loess-In mid-latitude areas, the wind has transported silt(rock debris) to form large surfaces with it. This is called loess
  • Glaciers - Glaciers are also a cause of erosion
  • Glaciers-Large blocks of ice that move forward under their own weight are called glaciers.These can be found where snowfall is high, such as high mountains like the Himalayas, or in the polar regions like the Antarctica.99% of glaciers are found in Antarctica and Greenland.
  • Moraine-Mountain glaciers carry debris of rocks in their lower parts, and the accumulation of such debris is called moraine.
  • Glacial Troughs-The glaciers form steep-sided wide valleys which seem to be U-shaped. These valleys are called Glacial troughs
  • Cirques-There are smaller troughs, with steep walls which are called cirques.
  • Tarns-In many glaical troughs some lakes are formed, these lakes are known as tarns
  • Fjords-Glaciers also form narrow deep valleys with steep sides called fjords
  • Icebergs-When glaciers break and huge blocks of ice drift into the sea then those huge blocks of ice are known as icebergs.
  • Waves - Waves are another factor that cause erosion
  • Waves - Waves are large bodies of water that form a ridge and move forward on the water surface by the action of wind. The waves shape the landform on the coasts. Waves carry out deposition and erosion
  • Arch - When waves cut through a cliff then archs are formed
  • Stack - When the arch breaks down, the rock column that remains is called the stack
  • Marine cliffs-When the wave breaks on the coastline, many tons of water fall on it. If the rock is weak, the coasline will be eroded rapidly and these leads to the formation of marine cliffs
  • Sea caves-The points of weakness in the cliffs get cut back by the waves and deep gaps or sea caves are formed in those cliffs
  • Beach-When waves bring along with them sand and when lots of sand deposits to form a thick surface then such thick surfaces of sand are known as beaches
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    Palm Tree - Class 7 English

    By Malay Das May 24, 2021  ,  

    Palm Tree - Class 7 English

    Palm Tree - By Rabindranath Tagore

    Summary of the poem “Palm Tree” by Rabindranath Tagore

    Palm Tree by Rabindranath Tagore is an imaginative poem in which the poet shows the feelings and aspirations of a Palm tree. The poet feels that the Palm tree has a longing to go beyond the ceiling of grey clouds in the sky, it wants to fly away but sadly it has no wings. After the wind stops the tree appears to have realized that it belongs to earth that is its mother and then it stands quietly. Through the poem the poet teaches the moral value that we should be fond of what we are and we should not try to become someone else.

    Questions and Answers

    1. The poem vividly describes the movement of the tree in a wind. Complete the sequence chart to trace the movement.
      2. Ans - The tree raises itself over other trees – The tree spreads its fronds like wings to fly – Flies in his own mind across the skies – Finally the wind is still and the tree returns to mother earth.
    2. Read these lines and answer the questions that follow.
      3. a. The palm tree stands
   On one leg, sees
   Past other trees
   Into the sky
      1. These lines tell us that the tree is:
        2. Ans. Taller than other trees
      2. What does one leg signify? What is the poetic device used here?
        3. Ans. One leg signifies the trunk of the tree, the poetic device used here is personification.
      3. What is the action that the poet imagines the tree doing?
        4. Ans. The poet imagines the tree to be flying in the sky. 
          
b. At length his wish
   He starts to spread
   Around his head
   In big sound, fronds:
      1. What according to the poet, does the tree wish?
        2. Ans. The tree wishes to pierce the clouds and soar away.
      2. In the poet’s imagination, what does the tree think about its fronds?
        3. Ans. The tree thinks that the fronds are its wings.
      3. What does the poet compare the palm tree to? How apt or suitable is this comparison?
        4. Ans. The poet compares the palm tree to a bird. It may be suitable to some extent because the Palm tree is a tall tree and when it sways with the wind, it seems to be touching the sky. 
      c. But when the wind
   Is still at last
   And the leaves hushed.
   Back homeward then
   He turns his thoughts
      1. Where do the thoughts of the tree turn?
        2. Ans. The thoughts of the tree turn back towards home to the earth from the sky.
      2. What does the poet mean by when the wind/Is still?
        3. Ans. By when the wind/Is still, the poet means that the wind has stopped blowing.
      3. Where was the mind of the tree before this?
        4. Ans. The mind of the tree was in the sky and clouds, soaring with the winds, before this.
    3. What is the poem about? In two or three lines, summarize the subject of the poem.
      4. Ans. The poem is about a Palm tree that wants to get away from home and wander in other lands. In other words, it talks about those who want to explore new places. The poem highlights the fact that whatever you do and wherever you go when the fire within you dies, when the wind stops blowing you, you will realize that there is no place like home.
    4. What is the mood or atmosphere of the poem? Does it sound happy, sad, defiant, thoughtful, triumphant or unemotional?
      5. Ans. The mood or atmosphere of the poem is defiant (defy - Appear to be challenging (someone) to do or prove something). The poem starts on a defiant note where the tree wants to fly irrespective of the fact knowing that it is rooted to the earth but at the end when the wind stopped blowing realization stuck so it became grounded.
    5. Does the poet offer us a message or a point of view through this poem? If so, what is it?
      6. Ans. The poet talks about loving your motherland despite having big dreams and aspirations. He says that it is always comforting to return to your motherland.
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    Lines and Angles - Class 7 Maths

    By Malay Das May 21, 2021  ,  

    Lines and Angles - Class 7 Maths

    Some important points

  • Line segment - A line segment is a portion of a line that has two end points
  • Line - A line is a straight path of points that has no beginning or end
  • Point - A point has not size or shape, it has just position
  • Angle - An angle is formed when two lines or line segments meet
  • Arms of an angle - The lines or line segments which forms an angle are called its arms
  • Vertex of an angle - The meeting point of the lines or line segments is called the vertex of an angle
  • Acute angle - An angle greater than 0° but less than 90° is called an acute angle
  • Obtuse angle - An angle greater than 90° but less than 180° is called an obtuse angle
  • Right angle - An angle which measures 90° is called a right angle
  • Straight angle - An angle which measures 180° is called a straight angle
  • Reflex angle - An angle which is more than 180° but less than 360° is called a reflex angle
  • Complete angle - A complete angle is equal to 360°
  • Adjacent angles - Adjacent angles have the same vertex a common arm and two non-common arms
  • Complementary angles - When the sum of two angles is 90°, the angles are called complementary angles and each angle is said to be complement of the other angle
  • Supplementary angles - When the sum of two angles is 180°, the angles are called supplementary angles and each angle is said to be supplement of the other angle
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    Acids, Bases and Salts - Class 7 Science

    By Malay Das May 18, 2021  ,  

    Acids, Bases and Salts - Class 7 Science

    Acids are sour in taste, bases are bitter in taste and soapy to touch.

    Acids turns blue litmus red and bases turn blue litmus red.

    Sustances which are neither acidic nor basic are called neutral.

    Solutions of sustances that show different color in acidic, basic and neutral solutions are called indicators.

    An acid and a base neutralize each other and form a salt. A salt may be acidic, basic or neutral in nature.

    Exercises

    Q1. State differences between acids and bases

    Answer - The differences between acids and bases are:

    
  
    
    Acids
    Bases
  
    
  
    
    Acids are sour in taste
    Bases are bitter in taste
  
    
  
    
    Acids turn blue litmus red
    Bases turn red litmus blue
  
    
  
    
    Acids do not give soapy touch
    Bases are soapy to touch

    Q2. Ammonia is found in many household products, such as window cleaners. It turns red litmus blue. What is its nature?

    Answer. As ammonia turns red litmus blue so it is basic in nature.

    Q3. Name the source from which litmus solution is obtained. What is the use of this solution?

    Answer. Litmus solution is extracted from lichens. It is used to determine the solution is neutral/acidic/basic. It has a mauve (purple) colour in distilled water. When added to an acidic solution, it turns red and when added to a basic solution, it turns blue.

    Q4. Is the distilled water acidic/basic/neutral? How would you verify it?

    Answer. We take two test tubes and add distilled water in those tubes. Once done we add blue litmus paper in one test tube and in the other we add red litmus paper, we observe that there is no change in color, so we can confirm that distilled water is neutral in nature.

    Q5. Describe the process of neutralisation with the help of an example.

    Answer. Neutralisation is a process where an acid and a base react to give salt and water. Let us take Hydrochloric acid(HCl) and a base Sodium hydroxide(NaOH) and react them, then we get
HCl + NaOH - NaCl(Sodium Chloride)+H 2O(Water)

    Q6. Mark ‘T’ if the statement is true and ‘F’ if it is false:
(i) Nitric acid turn red litmus blue. (T/F) - F
(ii) Sodium hydroxide turns blue litmus red. (T/F) - F
(iii) Sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid neutralise each other and
form salt and water. (T/F) - T
(iv) Indicator is a substance which shows different colours in acidic
and basic solutions. (T/F) - T
(v) Tooth decay is caused by the presence of a base. (T/F) - F

    Q7. Dorji has a few bottles of soft drink in his restaurant. But, unfortunately, these are not labelled. He has to serve the drinks on the demand of customers. One customer wants acidic drink, another wants basic and third one wants neutral drink. How will Dorji decide which drink is to be served to whom?

    Answer. Dorji can decide in two ways, first he can taste a little part of the drinks for the drink which is sour then it will be acidic, for the drink which is bitter then it will be basic and the neutral drink will have no taste. Secondly if he has a litmus paper with him then he can put the litmus paper in a drink if the blue litmus paper turns red then it is acidic, if the red litmus paper turns blue then it is basic and if the drink shows no change in color with litmus paper then it is neutral.

    8. Explain why:
(a) An antacid tablet is taken when you suffer from acidity.
(b) Calamine solution is applied on the skin when an ant bites.
(c) Factory waste is neutralised before disposing it into the water bodies.
    Answer (a). An antacid contains bases which neutralizes the acidity and thus we feel relief from acidity.
(b). When an ant bites it injects formic acid in skin and calamine solution is basic in nature so it neutralizes the effect.
(c). Some factory waste contains acids and if they are disposed directly into water bodies then aquatic life will be harmed to prevent any harm from occuring to the aquatic life; factory waste is neutralized with a base.
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    Pronouns - Class 7 Grammar

    By Malay Das May 18, 2021  ,  

    Pronouns - Class 7 Grammar

    Pronoun - A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun to avoid its repetition.

    Pronouns are of 8 different kinds:

    1. Personal Pronouns
    2. Indefinite Pronouns
    3. Interrogative Pronouns
    4. Relative Pronouns
    5. Demonstrative Pronouns
    6. Distributive Pronouns
    7. Reflexive Pronouns
    8. Emphatic Pronouns

    Personal Pronouns - Pronouns that indicate person, thing, animal, place etc. are called personal pronouns.
    Example. Gody wants to talk to you
    The horse was moving its tail.

    In English Grammar, there are three types of persons
    (i)First Person, (ii)Second Person, (iii)Third person
    First Person - The speaker is the first person. I, we, me, us, my, our, mine and ours are pronouns of the first person.
    Second Person - The listener is the second person. You, your and yours are pronouns of the second person.
    Third Person - About whom/which the speaker is saying something. He, she, it, they, him, her, them, his, its, their are pronouns of the third person.

    Persons Subject Object Possessive Reflexive
    First Person I Me My Myself
    We Us Our Ourselves
    Second Person You You Your Yourself/Yourselves
    Third Person He Him His Himself
    She Her Her Herself
    It It Its Itself
    They Them Their Themselves

    Subject - The Subject is a word, or a group of words, that denotes the person or thing about whom or which something is said. It must be a noun or a noun-equivalent, and may consist of any number of words.
    Object - An object is the person, place, thing that receives the action.
    Possessive - The possessive pronoun form is used with nouns referring to people, groups of people, animals etc.
    Reflexive - Reflexive refers back to the subject of the clause in which it is used.
    Indefinite Pronouns - Pronouns that show an indefinite or an uncertain number of people, person, thing etc.
    Example - All, none, some, any, much, more, one, many, other, someone, somebody, anybody, anyone etc.
    Interrogative Pronouns - Pronouns that are used to ask questions are called interrogative pronouns.
    Example - Who, whom, whose, what, which, where, when, why, how, wherever etc.
    Relative Pronouns - Pronouns that are used to join two sentences and reveal the noun that comes before it.
    Example - I know the man who is a fighter.
    I like the book that has a hologram.
    Uses of some Relative Pronouns
    (i)Who - For persons in the nominative case
    (ii)Whom - For persons in the objective case
    (iii)Whose - For persons in the possessive case
    (iv)Which - For things
    (v)That - For persons as well as things

    Demonstrative Pronouns - Pronouns that are used to show or to indicate some nouns are called demonstrative pronouns
    Example - This, that, these, those
    Uses of some Demonstrative Pronouns
    (i)This - For a single noun when it is near
    (ii)That - For a single noun when it is far
    (iii)These - For a plural noun when it is near
    (iv)Those - For a plural noun when it is far
    Distributive Pronouns - Pronouns that are used to show the distribution of a noun are called distributive pronouns
    Example - None, any, some, each, every, either, neither, no one, everyone, everybody, nobody etc.
    Reciprocal Pronouns - Pronouns that are made up of two different pronouns and show a mutual relationship are called reciprocal pronouns.
    Example - Akash and Seema love each other
    Indians love one another
    Reflexive Pronouns - Pronouns that show the effect of work upon the subject are calle reflexive pronouns
    Example - We enjoyed ourselves
    She praised herself
    Emphatic Pronouns - When reflexive pronouns are used for the purpose of emphasizing it becomes an emphatic pronoun. It is either used after the subject or in the mid of the sentence.
    Example - I myself will go
    You yourself can make way
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    Adverbs - Class 7 Grammar

    By Malay Das May 17, 2021  ,  

    Adverbs - Class 7 Grammar

    Adverb - An adverb is a word which generally qualifies or adds to the meaning of a verb, an adjective or another adverb

    Kinds of adverbs

    • Simple Adverbs
    • Interrogative Adverbs
    • Relative Adverbs
    • Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation
    Simple Adverbs - Simple adverbs are the adverbs that add to the meaning of a verb etc. in a simple manner. They tell time, place, manner, frequency, extent etc., the divisions of simple adverbs are mentioned below:
    • Adverbs of Time tells when the action is indicated by its verb
      Example - tomorrow, soon, already, now, shortly etc.
    • Adverbs of Place tells where the action is indicated by its verb
      Example - there, near, above, after, below, etc.
    • Adverbs of Manner tells how the action is indicated by its verb.
      Example - well, loudly, carefully, gladly, quickly, etc.
    • Adverbs of Frequency tells how often the action is indicated by its verb
      Example - seldom, often, twice, always, again, etc.
    • Adverbs of Extent tells too what degree(extent) the action is indicated by its verb
      Example : very, too, quite, almost, hardly etc.
    Interrogative Adverbs - An interrogative adverb is an adverb used to ask a question, some simple adverbs used as interrogative adverbs

    When were you born?        (time)
    Where were you born?        (place)
    How do you go to school?      (manner)
    How often do you travel?      (frequency)
    How far is this news true?      (extent)
    Relative Adverbs - Relative adverbs are adverbs which acts as a connection to join sentences together. Note: Interrogative and relative adverbs are same in form but they differ in position and function. Interrogative adverbs asks question directly whereas relative adverb uses the interrogative adverb but actually it is not used to ask something, some interrogative adverbs used as relative adverbs

    I do not know when he will return.        (time)
    Can you tell where he lives?       (place)
    Do you know how to ride a bike?       (manner)
    I know how often you have insulted him.       (frequency)
    Tell me how far she is honest.       (extent)
    Adverbs of Affirmation or Negation

    Adverbs of Affirmation - An adverb that affirms a statement is called an adverb of affirmation
    Adverbs of Negation - An adverb that negates a statement is called an adverb of negation

    EXERCISES

    Exercise 1. Spot the simple adverbs in each sentence, Tell its kind too:

    1. The guests are standing outside. – Adverb of place
    2. I shall being this work tomorrow. – Adverb of time
    3. You cannot write Hindi well. – Adverb of manner or quality
    4. I have already had my lunch. – Adverb of time
    5. Send the peon here, please. – Adverb of place
    6. I went there for you only. – Adverb of place
    7. It is raining gently. – Adverb of manner
    8. Will you repeat this sentence again? – Adverb of frequency
    9. It is ratherhot Adverb of degree
    10. I gladly accepted his offer. Adverb of manner
    11. She is too tired to finish this work on time. Adverb of degree
    12. My brother was taken ill yesterday. Adverb of time
    13. Barking dogs seldombite Adverb of frequency
    14. Have you seen such a silly fellow before? Adverb of time
    15. The elephant stood inside the grove. Adverb of place
    16. They have always helped the weak. Adverb of frequency
    17. Anil is often late for school. Adverb of frequency
    18. Do things slowly but surely? Adverb of manner
    19. The man was nearlydegree Adverb of extent
    20. Speak a little louder please. Adverb of degree
    21. He left for Mumbai immediately. Adverb of time
    22. I feel somewhat puzzled at it. Adverb of degree
    23. Suddenly a bear appeared before us. Adverb of time
    24. She seldom comes to see us. Adverb of frequency
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    Integers - Class 7 Maths

    By Malay Das May 16, 2021  ,  

    Integers - Class 7 Maths

    Integers - Integers are numbers that contain whole numbers and negative numbers, integers are not fractions or decimal numbers.

    Whole numbers - Whole numbers are numbers that start from 0

    Negative numbers - Negative numbers are numbers that have minus sign before them

    Additive inverse - Additive inverse of a number simply means changing the sign of the number
    Example: Additive inverse of 5 is -5
             Additive inverse of -5 is 5

    Properties of Integers

    • Closure Property
    • Cummulative Property
    • Identity Property
    • Associative Property
    • Distributive Property

    There are four integer operations

    • Addition
    • Subtraction
    • Multiplication
    • Division

    Points to remember regarding sign

    • If we have a plus sign and a plus sign in any integer operation, the sign will be plus
    • If we have a plus sign and a minus sign in multiplication or division, the sign will be minus
    • If we have a minus sign and a plus sign in multiplication or division, the sign will be minus
    • If we have a minus sign and a minus sign in multiplication or division, the sign will be plus
    • If we have a plus sign and a minus sign in addition then we will subtract the values and sign will be of the value which is higher
    • If we have a minus sign and a plus sign in addition then we will subtract the values and sign will be of the value which is higher 
    • If we are asked to subtract then we will change the sign of the second value and follow addition operations,  below are few examples 
    Example: Subtract -2 and -3
    Soln. -2 - (-3)
        = -2 + 3
        = 1
    Example : Subtract -2 and 3
    Soln. -2 - (+3)
        = -2 - 3
        = - 5
    Example : Subtract -2 from 3
    When we have from then the interchange the positions of the values
    Soln. 3 - (-2)
        = 3 + 2
        = 5
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